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Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes 15 October — 2 October was a British author, palaeobotanist and campaigner for eugenics and women's rights.

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She made significant contributions to plant paleontology and coal classification, and was the first female academic on the faculty of the University of Manchester. With her second husband, Humphrey Verdon Roe , Stopes founded the first birth control clinic in Britain. Stopes edited the newsletter Birth Control News , which gave explicit practical advice.

Her sex manual Married Love was controversial and influential, and brought the subject of birth control into wide public discourse. Stopes publicly opposed abortion, arguing that the prevention of conception was all that was needed, [ 1 ] though her actions in private were at odds with her public pronouncements. Stopes was born in Edinburgh. Her father, Henry Stopes , was a brewer, engineer, architect and palaeontologist from Colchester.

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Her mother was Charlotte Carmichael Stopes , a Shakespearean scholar and women's rights campaigner from Edinburgh. At six weeks old, her parents took Stopes from Scotland; [ 4 ] the family stayed briefly in Colchester then moved to London, where in her father bought 28 Cintra Park in Upper Norwood. At first, she was home-schooled, but from to she attended St George's School for Girls in Edinburgh.

Stopes primarily focused on her science career in her 20s and 30s. Stopes attended the University of London in , [ 7 ] at University College London as a scholarship student, where she studied botany and geology; she graduated with a first class B. Stopes' father died in [ 7 ] leaving her family in financial ruin. Her paleobotany professor, Francis Oliver , took her under his wing and hired her as his research assistant in early